@article {bachy_viruses_2021,
	title = {Viruses infecting a warm water picoeukaryote shed light on spatial co-occurrence dynamics of marine viruses and their hosts},
	journal = {The ISME Journal},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	month = {may},
	pages = {1{\textendash}19},
	abstract = {The marine picoeukaryote Bathycoccus prasinos has been considered a cosmopolitan alga, although recent studies indicate two ecotypes exist, Clade BI (B. prasinos) and Clade BII. Viruses that infect Bathycoccus Clade BI are known (BpVs), but not that infect BII. We isolated three dsDNA prasinoviruses from the Sargasso Sea against Clade BII isolate RCC716. The BII-Vs do not infect BI, and two (BII-V2 and BII-V3) have larger genomes (\textasciitilde210 kb) than BI-Viruses and BII-V1. BII-Vs share \textasciitilde90\% of their proteins, and between 65\% to 83\% of their proteins with sequenced BpVs. Phylogenomic reconstructions and PolB analyses establish close-relatedness of BII-V2 and BII-V3, yet BII-V2 has 10-fold higher infectivity and induces greater mortality on host isolate RCC716. BII-V1 is more distant, has a shorter latent period, and infects both available BII isolates, RCC716 and RCC715, while BII-V2 and BII-V3 do not exhibit productive infection of the latter in our experiments. Global metagenome analyses show Clade BI and BII algal relative abundances correlate positively with their respective viruses. The distributions delineate BI/BpVs as occupying lower temperature mesotrophic and coastal systems, whereas BII/BII-Vs occupy warmer temperature, higher salinity ecosystems. Accordingly, with molecular diagnostic support, we name Clade BII Bathycoccus calidus sp. nov. and propose that molecular diversity within this new species likely connects to the differentiated host-virus dynamics observed in our time course experiments. Overall, the tightly linked biogeography of Bathycoccus host and virus clades observed herein supports species-level host specificity, with strain-level variations in infection parameters.},
	keywords = {RCC715, RCC716},
	issn = {1751-7370},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-021-00989-9},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41396-021-00989-9},
	author = {Bachy, Charles and Yung, Charmaine C. M. and Needham, David M. and Gazit{\'u}a, Maria Consuelo and Roux, Simon and Limardo, Alexander J. and Choi, Chang Jae and Jorgens, Danielle M. and Sullivan, Matthew B. and Worden, Alexandra Z.}
}
@article {Limardo2017,
	title = {Quantitative biogeography of picoprasinophytes establishes ecotype distributions and significant contributions to marine phytoplankton},
	journal = {Environmental Microbiology},
	year = {2017},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: RCC1105,RCC715,RCC716,RCC809},
	month = {jun},
	keywords = {RCC1105, RCC715, RCC716, RCC809},
	issn = {14622912},
	doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.13812},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1462-2920.13812},
	author = {Limardo, Alexander J. and Sudek, Sebastian and Choi, Chang Jae and Poirier, Camille and Rii, Yoshimi M. and Blum, Marguerite and Roth, Robyn and Goodenough, Ursula and Church, Matthew J. and Worden, Alexandra Z.}
}
@article {Simmons2016,
	title = {Abundance and biogeography of picoprasinophyte ecotypes and other phytoplankton in the eastern north pacific ocean},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {82},
	number = {6},
	year = {2016},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: 2016,rcc},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {1693{\textendash}1705},
	abstract = {Eukaryotic algae within the picoplankton size class (<=2 ??m in diameter) are important marine primary producers, but their spatial and ecological distributions are not well characterized. Here, we studied three picoeukaryotic prasinophyte genera and their cyanobacterial counterparts, Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus , during two cruises along a North Pacific transect characterized by different ecological regimes. Picoeukaryotes and Synechococcus reached maximum abundances of 1.44 {\texttimes} 10 5 and 3.37 {\texttimes} 10 5 cells ? ml -1 , respectively, in mesotrophic waters, while Prochlorococcus reached 1.95 {\texttimes} 10 5 cells ? ml -1 in the oligotrophic ocean. Of the picoeukaryotes, Bathycoccus was present at all stations in both cruises, reaching 21,368 {\textpm} 327 18S rRNA gene copies ? ml -1 . Micromonas and Ostreococcus clade OI were detected only in mesotrophic and coastal waters and Ostreococcus clade OII only in the oligotrophic ocean. To resolve proposed Bathycoccus ecotypes, we established genetic distances for 1,104 marker genes using targeted metagenomes and the Bathycoccus prasinos genome. The analysis was anchored in comparative genome analysis of three Ostreococcus species for which physiological and environmental data are available to facilitate data interpretation. We established that two Bathycoccus ecotypes exist, named here BI (represented by coastal isolate Bathycoccus prasinos ) and BII. These share 82\% {\textpm} 6\% nucleotide identity across homologs, while the Ostreococcus spp. share 75\% {\textpm} 8\%. We developed and applied an analysis of ecomarkers to metatranscriptomes sequenced here and published -omics data from the same region. The results indicated that the Bathycoccus ecotypes cooccur more often than Ostreococcus clades OI and OII do. Exploratory analyses of relative transcript abundances suggest that Bathycoccus NRT2.1 and AMT2.2 are high-affinity NO 3 - and low-affinity NH 4 + transporters, respectively, with close homologs in multiple picoprasinophytes. Additionally, in the open ocean, where dissolved iron concentrations were low (0.08 nM), there appeared to be a shift to the use of nickel superoxide dismutases (SODs) from Mn/Fe/Cu SODs closer inshore. Our study documents the distribution of picophytoplankton along a North Pacific ecological gradient and offers new concepts and techniques for investigating their biogeography.},
	keywords = {2016, rcc},
	issn = {0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.02730-15},
	url = {http://aem.asm.org/lookup/doi/10.1128/AEM.02730-15},
	author = {Simmons, Melinda P. and Sudek, Sebastian and Monier, Adam and Limardo, Alexander J. and Jimenez, Valeria and Perle, Christopher R. and Elrod, Virginia A. and Pennington, J. Timothy and Worden, Alexandra Z.},
	editor = {Schloss, P. D.}
}
