@article {park_bioluminescence_2021,
	title = {Bioluminescence capability and intensity in the dinoflagellate Alexandrium species},
	journal = {ALGAE},
	volume = {36},
	year = {2021},
	abstract = {Some species in the dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium are bioluminescent. Of the 33 formally described Alexandrium species, the bioluminescence capability of only nine species have been tested, and eight have been reported to be bioluminescent. The present study investigated the bioluminescence capability of seven Alexandrium species that had not been tested. Alexandrium mediterraneum, A. pohangense, and A. tamutum were bioluminescent, but A. andersonii, A. hiranoi, A. insuetum, and A. pseudogonyaulax were not. We also measured the bioluminescent intensity of A. affine, A. fraterculus, A. mediterraneum, A. ostenfeldii, A. pacificum, A. pohangense, A. tamarense, and A. tamutum. The mean 200-second-integrated bioluminescence intensity per cell ranged from 0.02 to 32.2 {\texttimes} 104 relative luminescence unit per cell (RLU cell-1), and the mean maximum bioluminescence intensity per cell per second (BLMax) ranged from 0.01 to 10.3 {\texttimes} 104 RLU cell-1 s-1. BLMax was significantly correlated with the maximum growth rates of Alexandrium species, except for A. tamarense. A phylogenetic tree based on large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA), showed that the bioluminescent species A. affine, A. catenella, A. fraterculus, A. mediterraneum, A. pacificum, and A. tamarense formed a large clade. However, the toxicity or mixotrophic capability of these species was split. Thus, their bioluminescence capability in this clade was more consistent than their toxicity or mixotrophic capability. Phylogenetic trees based on LSU rDNA and the luciferase gene of Alexandrium were consistent except for A. pohangense. The results of the present study can provide a basis for understanding the interspecific diversity in bioluminescence of Alexandrium.},
	keywords = {RCC4104},
	doi = {10.4490/algae.2021.36.12.6},
	author = {Park, Sang Ah and Jeong, Hae Jin and Ok, Jin and Kang, Heechang and You, Jihyun and Eom, Se and Yoo, Yeong and Lee, Moo Joon}
}
@article {Yoo2017a,
	title = {Mixotrophy in the marine red-tide cryptophyte Teleaulax amphioxeia and ingestion and grazing impact of cryptophytes on natural populations of bacteria in Korean coastal waters},
	journal = {Harmful Algae},
	volume = {68},
	number = {May 2005},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier B.V. tex.mendeley-tags: RCC1086},
	pages = {105{\textendash}117},
	abstract = {Cryptophytes are ubiquitous and one of the major phototrophic components in marine plankton communities. They often cause red tides in the waters of many countries. Understanding the bloom dynamics of cryptophytes is, therefore, of great importance. A critical step in this understanding is unveiling their trophic modes. Prior to this study, several freshwater cryptophyte species and marine Cryptomonas sp. and Geminifera cryophila were revealed to be mixotrophic. The trophic mode of the common marine cryptophyte species, Teleaulax amphioxeia has not been investigated yet. Thus, to explore the mixotrophic ability of T. amphioxeia by assessing the types of prey species that this species is able to feed on, the protoplasms of T. amphioxeia cells were carefully examined under an epifluorescence microscope and a transmission electron microscope after adding each of the diverse prey species. Furthermore, T. amphioxeia ingestion rates heterotrophic bacteria and the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. were measured as a function of prey concentration. Moreover, the feeding of natural populations of cryptophytes on natural populations of heterotrophic bacteria was assessed in Masan Bay in April 2006. This study reported for the first time, to our knowledge, that T. amphioxeia is a mixotrophic species. Among the prey organisms offered, T. amphioxeia fed only on heterotrophic bacteria and Synechococcus sp. The ingestion rates of T. amphioxeia on heterotrophic bacteria or Synechococcus sp. rapidly increased with increasing prey concentrations up to 8.6 {\texttimes} 106 cells ml-1, but slowly at higher prey concentrations. The maximum ingestion rates of T. amphioxeia on heterotrophic bacteria and Synechococcus sp. reached 0.7 and 0.3 cells predator-1 h-1, respectively. During the field experiments, the ingestion rates and grazing coefficients of cryptophytes on natural populations of heterotrophic bacteria were 0.3{\textendash}8.3 cells predator-1 h-1 and 0.012{\textendash}0.033 d-1, respectively. Marine cryptophytes, including T. amphioxeia, are known to be favorite prey species for many mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates and ciliates. Cryptophytes, therefore, likely play important roles in marine food webs and may exert a considerable potential grazing impact on the populations of marine bacteria.},
	keywords = {Bloom, Flagellate, Grazing impact, Predator-prey relationship, RCC1086, Red tide},
	issn = {18781470},
	doi = {10.1016/j.hal.2017.07.012},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2017.07.012},
	author = {Yoo, Yeong Du and Seong, Kyeong Ah and Jeong, Hae Jin and Yih, Wonho and Rho, Jung Rae and Nam, Seung Won and Kim, Hyung Seop}
}
@article {Potvin2015,
	title = {Morphology , molecular phylogeny , and pigment characterization of a novel phenotype of the dinoflagellate genus Pelagodinium from Korean waters},
	journal = {Algae},
	volume = {30},
	number = {3},
	year = {2015},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: rcc},
	pages = {183{\textendash}195},
	abstract = {The dinoflagellate genus Pelagodinium is genetically classified in distinct sub-clades and subgroups. However, it is dif- ficult to determine whether this genetic diversity represents intra- or interspecific divergence within the genus since only the morphology of the type strain of the genus Pelagodinium, Pelagodinium bei, is available. An isolate associated with the genus Pelagodinium from Shiwha Bay, Korea, was recently cultured. This isolate formed a subgroup with 3 to 4 strains from the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, and Indian Ocean. This subgroup was distinct from the subgroup contain- ing P. bei. The morphology of the isolate was analyzed using optical and scanning electron microscopy and was almost identical to that of P. bei except that this isolate had two series of amphiesmal vesicles (AVs) in the cingulum, unlike P. bei that has one series. When the pigment compositions of the isolate and P. bei were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, these two strains had peridinin as a major accessory pigment and their pigment compositions were almost identical. In addition, the swimming behaviors of these two strains were very similar. The re-examination of the type culture of P. bei revealed two series in the cingulum as for the isolate. The new findings on the number of series of AVs in the cingulum, the pigment composition, and the swimming behaviors suggest that P. bei and the isolate may be conspecific despite their association to genetically different subgroups. This study provides a basis to further understand the molecular classification within Pelagodinium combining genetic, morphological, pigment, and behavioral data.},
	keywords = {foraminifera, gymnodinium bei, pelagic symbiont, rcc, suessiaceae, suessiales},
	doi = {10.4490/algae.2015.30.3.183},
	author = {Potvin, {\'E}ric and Jeong, Hae Jin and Kang, Nam Seon and Noh, Jae Hoon and Yang, Eun Jin}
}
