@article {Kashiyama2019,
	title = {Taming chlorophylls by early eukaryotes underpinned algal interactions and the diversification of the eukaryotes on the oxygenated Earth},
	journal = {The ISME Journal},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Springer US tex.mendeley-tags: RCC164,RCC22,RCC24,RCC375,RCC916},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {1},
	abstract = {Extant eukaryote ecology is primarily sustained by oxygenic photosynthesis, in which chlorophylls play essential roles. The exceptional photosensitivity of chlorophylls allows them to harvest solar energy for photosynthesis, but on the other hand, they also generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. A risk of such phototoxicity of the chlorophyll must become particularly prominent upon dynamic cellular interactions that potentially disrupt the mechanisms that are designed to quench photoexcited chlorophylls in the phototrophic cells. Extensive examination of a wide variety of phagotrophic, parasitic, and phototrophic microeukaryotes demonstrates that a catabolic process that converts chlorophylls into nonphotosensitive 132,173-cyclopheophorbide enols (CPEs) is phylogenetically ubiquitous among extant eukaryotes. The accumulation of CPEs is identified in phagotrophic algivores belonging to virtually all major eukaryotic assemblages with the exception of Archaeplastida, in which no algivorous species have been reported. In addition, accumulation of CPEs is revealed to be common among phototrophic microeukaryotes (i.e., microalgae) along with dismantling of their secondary chloroplasts. Thus, we infer that CPE-accumulating chlorophyll catabolism (CACC) primarily evolved among algivorous microeukaryotes to detoxify chlorophylls in an early stage of their evolution. Subsequently, it also underpinned photosynthetic endosymbiosis by securing close interactions with photosynthetic machinery containing abundant chlorophylls, which led to the acquisition of secondary chloroplasts. Our results strongly suggest that CACC, which allowed the consumption of oxygenic primary producers, ultimately permitted the successful radiation of the eukaryotes throughout and after the late Proterozoic global oxygenation.},
	keywords = {Biochemistry, Biogeochemistry, Cellular microbiology, microbial ecology, RCC164, RCC22, RCC24, RCC375, RCC916},
	issn = {1751-7362},
	doi = {10.1038/s41396-019-0377-0},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41396-019-0377-0},
	author = {Kashiyama, Yuichiro and Yokoyama, Akiko and Shiratori, Takashi and Hess, Sebastian and Not, Fabrice and Bachy, Charles and Gutierrez-Rodriguez, Andres and Kawahara, Jun and Suzaki, Toshinobu and Nakazawa, Masami and Ishikawa, Takahiro and Maruyama, Moe and Wang, Mengyun and Chen, Man and Gong, Yingchun and Seto, Kensuke and Kagami, Maiko and Hamamoto, Yoko and Honda, Daiske and Umetani, Takahiro and Shihongi, Akira and Kayama, Motoki and Matsuda, Toshiki and Taira, Junya and Yabuki, Akinori and Tsuchiya, Masashi and Hirakawa, Yoshihisa and Kawaguchi, Akane and Nomura, Mami and Nakamura, Atsushi and Namba, Noriaki and Matsumoto, Mitsufumi and Tanaka, Tsuyoshi and Yoshino, Tomoko and Higuchi, Rina and Yamamoto, Akihiro and Maruyama, Tadanobu and Yamaguchi, Aika and Uzuka, Akihiro and Miyagishima, Shinya and Tanifuji, Goro and Kawachi, Masanobu and Kinoshita, Yusuke and Tamiaki, Hitoshi}
}
@article {Ota2012,
	title = {Lotharella reticulosa sp. nov.: A highly reticulated network forming chlorarachniophyte from the mediterranean sea},
	journal = {Protist},
	volume = {163},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	note = {tex.mendeley-tags: RCC375,RCC376},
	pages = {91{\textendash}104},
	abstract = {A new chlorarachniophyte Lotharella reticulosa sp. nov. is described from a culture isolated from the Mediterranean Sea. This strain is maintained as strain RCC375 at the Roscoff Culture Collection, France. This species presents a multiphasic life cycle: vegetative cells of this species were observed to be coccoid, but amoeboid cells with filopodia and globular suspended cells were also present in the life cycle, both of which were not dominant phases. Flagellate cells were also observed but remained very rare in culture. The vegetative cells were 9-16 ??m in diameter and highly vacuolated, containing several green chloroplasts with a projecting pyrenoid, mitochondria, and a nucleus. The chloroplast was surrounded by four membranes possessing a nucleomorph in the periplastidial compartment near the pyrenoid base. According to ultrastructural observations of the pyrenoid and nucleomorph, the present species belongs to the genus Lotharella in the phylum Chlorarachniophyta. This taxonomic placement is consistent with the molecular phylogenetic trees of the 18S rRNA gene and ITS sequences. This species showed a unique colonization pattern. Clusters of cells extended cytoplasmic strands radially. Then, amoeboid cells being born proximately moved distally along the cytoplasmic strand like on a "railway track" Subsequently the amoeboid cell became coccoid near the strand. In this way, daughter cells were dispersed evenly on the substratum. We also observed that the present species regularly formed a structure of filopodial nodes in mid-stage and later-stage cultures, which is a novel phenotype in chlorarachniophytes. The unique colonization pattern and other unique features demonstrate that RCC375 is a new chlorarachniophyte belonging to genus Lotharella, which we describe as Lotharella reticulosa sp. nov. ?? 2011 Elsevier GmbH.},
	keywords = {Chlorarachniophytes, Lotharella, Mediterranean Sea, RCC375, RCC376, Taxonomy.},
	author = {Ota, Shuhei and Vaulot, Daniel}
}
@article {gile_dna_2010,
	title = {Dna Barcoding of Chlorarachniophytes Using Nucleomorph Its Sequences1},
	journal = {Journal of Phycology},
	volume = {46},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2010.00851.x},
	pages = {743{\textendash}750},
	abstract = {Chlorarachniophytes are a small group of marine photosynthetic protists. They are best known as examples of an intermediate stage of secondary endosymbiosis: their plastids are derived from green algae and retain a highly reduced nucleus, called a nucleomorph, between the inner and outer pairs of membranes. Chlorarachniophytes can be challenging to identify to the species level, due to their small size, complex life cycles, and the fact that even genus-level diagnostic morphological characters are observable only by EM. Few species have been formally described, and many available culture collection strains remain unnamed. To alleviate this difficulty, we have developed a barcoding system for rapid and accurate identification of chlorarachniophyte species in culture, based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nucleomorph rRNA cistron. Although this is a multicopy locus, encoded in both subtelomeric regions of each chromosome, interlocus variability is low due to gene conversion by homologous recombination in this region. Here, we present barcode sequences for 39 cultured strains of chlorarachniophytes (>80\% of currently available strains). Based on barcode data, other published molecular data, and information from culture records, we were able to recommend names for 21 out of the 24 unidentified, partially identified, or misidentified chlorarachniophyte strains in culture. Most strains could be assigned to previously described species, but at least two to as many as five new species may be present among cultured strains.},
	keywords = {Bigelowiella, Chlorarachnion, culture collections, Gymnochlora, internal transcribed spacer, Lotharella, Norrisiella, Partenskyella, RCC337, RCC375, RCC376, RCC435, RCC530, RCC531, RCC623, RCC626},
	issn = {1529-8817},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1529-8817.2010.00851.x},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2010.00851.x},
	author = {Gile, Gillian H. and Stern, Rowena F. and James, Erick R. and Keeling, Patrick J.}
}
