@article {langer_role_2021,
	title = {Role of silicon in the development of complex crystal shapes in coccolithophores},
	journal = {New Phytologist},
	volume = {231},
	number = {5},
	year = {2021},
	note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/nph.17230},
	pages = {1845{\textendash}1857},
	abstract = {The development of calcification by the coccolithophores had a profound impact on ocean carbon cycling, but the evolutionary steps leading to the formation of these complex biomineralized structures are not clear. Heterococcoliths consisting of intricately shaped calcite crystals are formed intracellularly by the diploid life cycle phase. Holococcoliths consisting of simple rhombic crystals can be produced by the haploid life cycle stage but are thought to be formed extracellularly, representing an independent evolutionary origin of calcification. We use advanced microscopy techniques to determine the nature of coccolith formation and complex crystal formation in coccolithophore life cycle stages. We find that holococcoliths are formed in intracellular compartments in a similar manner to heterococcoliths. However, we show that silicon is not required for holococcolith formation and that the requirement for silicon in certain coccolithophore species relates specifically to the process of crystal morphogenesis in heterococcoliths. We therefore propose an evolutionary scheme in which the lower complexity holococcoliths represent an ancestral form of calcification in coccolithophores. The subsequent recruitment of a silicon-dependent mechanism for crystal morphogenesis in the diploid life cycle stage led to the emergence of the intricately shaped heterococcoliths, enabling the formation of the elaborate coccospheres that underpin the ecological success of coccolithophores.},
	keywords = {biomineralization, Calcification, coccolith, coccolithophore, evolution, rcc, RCC1178, RCC1181, RCC1456, RCC1460, RCC1461, RCC1477, RCC1800, RCC1801, RCC3777, RCC6506, silicon},
	issn = {1469-8137},
	doi = {10.1111/nph.17230},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/nph.17230},
	author = {Langer, Gerald and Taylor, Alison R. and Walker, Charlotte E. and Meyer, Erin M. and Ben Joseph, Oz and Gal, Assaf and Harper, Glenn M. and Probert, Ian and Brownlee, Colin and Wheeler, Glen L.}
}
@article {Langer2011a,
	title = {CO2 mediation of adverse effects of seawater acidification in Calcidiscus leptoporus},
	journal = {Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems},
	volume = {12},
	number = {5},
	year = {2011},
	note = {ISBN: 1525-2027 tex.mendeley-tags: 2011,RCC1135,rcc},
	pages = {1{\textendash}8},
	abstract = {The coccolithophore Calcidiscus leptoporus (strain RCC1135) was grown in dilute batch culture at CO2 levels ranging from \~200 to \~1600 matm. Increasing CO2 concentration led to an increased percentage of malformed coccoliths and eventually (at \~1500 matm CO2) to aggregation of cells. Carbonate chemistry of natural seawater was manipulated in three ways: first, addition of acid; second, addition of a HCO3 -/CO3 2- solution; and third, addition of both acid and HCO3 -/CO32- solution. The data set allowed the disentangling of putative effects of the different parameters of the carbonate system. It is concluded that CO2 is the parameter of the carbonate system which causes both aberrant coccolithogenesis and aggregation of cells.},
	keywords = {2011, Calcification, coccolithophores, morphology, ocean acidification., rcc, RCC1135},
	issn = {1525-2027},
	doi = {10.1029/2010GC003393},
	url = {http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2011/2010GC003393.shtml},
	author = {Langer, Gerald and Bode, Maya}
}
