@article {leblond_galactolipids_2022,
	title = {Galactolipids of the genus Amphidinium (Dinophyceae): an hypothesis that they are basal to those of other peridinin-containing dinoflagellates},
	journal = {European Journal of Phycology},
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2022.2092215},
	pages = {1{\textendash}10},
	abstract = {The genus Amphidinium is shown in many phylogenies to be basal to other peridinin-containing, photosynthetic dinoflagellates as one of the first photosynthetic genera to arise after the evolution of heterotrophic genera. As part of our continuing examination of the plastid-associated galactolipids, namely mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG and DGDG, respectively), in dinoflagellates, we here examine the galactolipid composition of members of the genus Amphidinium. We show that this genus is characterized by an abundance of 20:5(n-3)/18:5(n-3) and 20:5(n-3)/18:4(n-3) forms of MGDG and DGDG (with sn-1/sn-2 regiochemical specificity of fatty acids), but also sometimes with generally lesser amounts of some polyunsaturated C18/C18 forms, thus placing the examined species within a previously identified cluster of C20/C18 MGDG- and DGDG-containing, peridinin-containing dinoflagellates. We also show that Testudodinium testudo, previously known as Amphidinium testudo, conversely falls within a previously identified C18/C18 cluster, indicating a distinct difference in galactolipid biosynthesis capability. While it is likely that further revision of the genus may occur in the future and/or more basal peridinin-containing, photosynthetic genera may be discovered, at the current time Amphidinium is the currently agreed-upon most basal dinoflagellate genus for which isolates are available for biochemical characterization such as what we describe in this paper. Thus, because of the presumed basal position of the genus Amphidinium, we present a hypothesis that its galactolipids currently represent those that are ancestral to other genera of peridinin-containing dinoflagellates, including those within the C18/C18 cluster.},
	keywords = {Amphidinium, chloroplast, Dinoflagellate, Dinophyceae, lipid, RCC1981, Testudodinium},
	issn = {0967-0262},
	doi = {10.1080/09670262.2022.2092215},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2022.2092215},
	author = {Leblond, Jeffrey D. and Elkins, Lindsey C. and Graeff, Jori E. and Sabir, Kyra}
}
@article {leblond_sterols_2022,
	title = {Sterols of Testudodinium testudo (formerly Amphidinium testudo): Production of the Δ8(14) sterol gymnodinosterol and chemotaxonomic relationship to the Kareniaceae},
	journal = {Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology},
	volume = {n/a},
	number = {n/a},
	year = {2022},
	note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jeu.12929},
	pages = {e12929},
	abstract = {Testudodinium testudo is a peridinin-containing dinoflagellate recently renamed from Amphidinium testudo. While T. testudo has been shown via phylogenetic analysis of small subunit ribosomal RNA genes to reside in a clade separate from the genus Amphidinium, it does possess morphological features similar to Amphidinium sensu stricto. Previous studies of Amphidinium carterae and Amphidinium corpulentum have found the sterols to be enriched in Δ8(14) sterols, such as 4α-methyl-5α-ergosta-8(14),24(28)-dien-3β-ol (amphisterol), uncommon to most other dinoflagellate taxa and thus considered possible biomarkers for the genus Amphidinium. Here, we provide an examination of the sterols of T. testudo and show they are dominated not by amphisterol, but rather by a different Δ8(14) sterol, (24R)-4α-methyl-5α-ergosta-8(14),22-dien-3β-ol (gymnodinosterol), previously thought to be a major sterol only within the Kareniaceae genera Karenia, Karlodinium, and Takayama. Also found to be present at low levels were 4α-methyl-5α-ergosta-8,14,22-trien-3β-ol, a sterol previously observed in Karenia brevis to be an intermediate in the production of gymnodinosterol, and cholesterol, a sterol common to many other dinoflagellates. The presence of gymnodinosterol in T. testudo is the first report of this sterol as the sole major sterol in a dinoflagellate outside of the Kareniaceae. The implication of this chemotaxonomic relationship to the Kareniaceae is discussed.},
	keywords = {Amphidinium, Dinoflagellate, Dinophyceae, lipid, RCC1981, sterol, Testudodinium},
	issn = {1550-7408},
	doi = {10.1111/jeu.12929},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jeu.12929},
	author = {Leblond, Jeffrey D. and Elkins, Lindsey C. and Sabir, Kyra and Graeff, Jori E.}
}
